Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for the Removal of Dyes from Water and Wastewater: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

The presence of dyes in aquatic environments can have harmful effects on life, including inhibiting photosynthesis, decreasing dissolved oxygen levels, and altering the behavior reproductive patterns organisms. In initial phase this review study, our aim was to examine categories properties as well impact their toxicity environments. Azo, phthalocyanine, xanthene are among most frequently utilized dyes, almost 70–80% used industrial processes been identified some commonly occurring water bodies. Apart from that, ecosystems were discussed. Toxicity testing relies heavily two key measures: LC50 (half-lethal concentration) EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration). a recent microalgae exposed Congo Red displayed minimum 4.8 mg/L, while fish Disperse Yellow 7 exhibited 0.01 mg/L. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) promising method for removing second stage effectiveness different AnMBRs evaluated. Hybrid with innovative designs shown capacity eliminate completely, reaching up 100%. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes found be dominant bacterial phyla applied dye treatment. However, fouling has significant drawback AnMBRs, techniques required address issue future.